XFEM4U Geometry: Difference between revisions

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[[Documentation XFEM4U | BACK]]
[[Documentation XFEM4U | BACK]]
====Geometry====
In this section we have a look at all the geometry functions within [[XFEM4U]]
[[File:DocumentationXFEM4UGeometry.png | 1000 px]]
=====Beams=====
======Preface======
In the graphical screen beams can be added very easy by drawing them. Select this item in the function bar.
Beams are drawn as a 'polyline' just as you know it from AutoCAD.The begin node from a following beam is the end node of the last drawn beam.
It is possible, but not necessary, to draw nodes before you insert the beams.
You can also start with drawing the beams, in this way the nodes will be inserted automatically.
When you draw your first beam, the dialog box shown below appears. In this box you can, among other things, insert the beam connections and the profile of the beam. Use the escape-key or click the right mouse button to end the drawing of the beams.
[[File:DocumentationXFEM4UBeam1.png | 500px]]
As you are drawing a beam, help lines (horizontal and vertical) will appear connected to the previous inserted nodes. Often the node, to which you want to draw the beam, has the same x- or y- or z-value as the previous one. In this way it is easy to insert nodes. Obviously you can adapt the coordinates afterwards numerically or by moving the node.
While drawing a new beam, a dimension line parallel to the beam in one of the main directions x,y or z will appear. You can, just as you know it from AutoCad, immediately insert the distances numerically by entering the value / values from your keyboard. There are 3 possibilities for drawing a beam:
'''1. Drawing a beam with a known length in one of the main directions.'''
The value will appear in the dimension line. Here you can type in the distance. By the use of the enter-key the input is closed and the beam with that length will be added.
'''2. Drawing a beam using relative Cartesian coordinates (dx, dy, dz).'''
First you enter the distance in x-direction. The value will appear in the dimension line. Thereafter you type a semicolon ";" and the distance in y-direction. The value will appear in a second input field. Next you type a semicolon ";" and the distance in z-direction. The value will appear in a third input field. By the use of the enter-key the input is closed and the beam is added.
'''3. Input of relative cartesian coordinates (dx, dy, dz) or absolute cartesian coordinates (x, y, z).'''
Press the space key and the dialog box below appears. Here you can enter relative coordinates or absolute coordinates directly.
[[File:DocumentationXFEM4UBeam2.png | 300px]]
In this way, you can quickly insert your construction.
When you draw a beam for the first time, a profile needs to be chosen / inserted. There is asked what kind of profile you want to add. Also when you insert a new profile, there is asked which kind of profile you want to add.
Subsequently the following dialog box of the profiles is shown. See [[Profiles]]
[[File:DocumentationXFEM4UBeam3.png | 300px]]
'''Changing a beam'''
Changing a beam is possible by clicking on the beam with the left mouse button, and subsequently choose for properties by clicking with the right mouse button. There is a more easy way, namely a double click on the beam. Consequently the following dialog box will be opened.
[[File:DocumentationXFEM4UBeam4.png | 500px]]
======Beamproperties: General======
'''Beam number'''
The number of the beam.
'''Length'''
The length of the beam in mm.
'''From node no.'''
The number of the begin node.
'''To node no.'''
The number of the end node.
'''flip'''
By the use of this function, you can turn around the beam orientation. The begin- and end node will be switched.
'''Angle x-axis'''
The angle in which the local coordinate system can rotate around the x-axis.
The clockwise direction is positive.
'''Layer'''
Beams can optionally be drawn in layers. This corresponds to the functionality of AutoCAD. The layers can be set visible or invisible. (on/off). You can adapt the names of the layers. [[See Display options]]
'''Orientation node'''
The number of the orientation node. This is a node in the local x-y plane or in the x-z plane.
'''Split into structural member sections for analysis'''
Setting whether, for the determination of the force distribution (framework calculation), the beam has to be split in in partial beams when nodes are found on the beam. This function is enabled by default.
'''Self-weight automatically generated.'''
Setting whether the dead weight of the beam needs to be generated. This function is enabled by default. See [[Calculation settings]]
'''Surface load bearing'''
Setting whether the beam carries the surface load or not. [[See Surface loads]]
'''Profile Name'''
Here you choose the profile type
'''Angle'''
The angle of the profile. That is the angle relative to the local coordinate system. Normally this is zero degrees. When you want to for example enter the column rotated (so loaded at it's weak axis) you fill in 90 degrees
'''New Delete Properties'''
[[File:DocumentationXFEM4UBeam5.png | 300px]]
You can also add new profiles and delete profiles. Choose for Properties when you want to adapt the profile data and/or want to select another standard profile type from the profile database.
With every new profile, there is asked what kind of profile you want to add.
[[File:DocumentationXFEM4UBeam3.png | 300px]]
'''Tapered beam'''
You can optionally enter a tapered beam (Non-prismatic beam). The tab "Profile end" is activated. Here you can enter the 2nd profile at the end of the beam. Attention! The basic shape of the profile section (H-, U-, L-shape, etc.) must match that of the profile at the beginning of the beam.
For calculation background. See [[Tapered beam]]
'''z'''
With this the profile is orientated relative to the schematic line. ( The schematic line is the line from the begin node to the end node)
z is the distance in the local z-direction between the schematic line and the reference line of the profile. The reference line of the profile is showed in the middle by default, but can be set at the top, middle or bottom.
'''Torsion reduction'''
Percentage by which the torsion stiffness of the beam is reduced. Specifically for concrete beam grids, it is allowed to reduce the torsion stiffness in case of compatibility torsion. Thereby the occurring torsion moment is lower, and less torsion reinforcement is needed. (stirrups and longitudinal reinforcement)
'''Beam connection begin and end'''
Here you enter how the beam is connected at the begin node and at the end node. There are multiple options.
You can make use of the most common / standard connections:
'''Fully fixed'''
Tx=A(Absolute), Ty=A, Tz=A, Rx=A, Ry=A, Rz=A. (That is the standard setting)
'''Hinge'''
Tx=A, Ty=A, Tz=A. There is no transfer possible between moments, only shear force and normal force.
'''Tension only'''
This works the same as a hinge support, the only difference is that tensile forces (positive normal forces) can be transferred.
'''Springer connection'''
You can also add a beam with a springer connection. Tx=S(Spring), Ry=S en/of Rz=S. You also need to insert the spring constant  Kx, Cy and/or Cz  in kN/m resp. kNm/rad
'''Input per beam'''
This gives you the possibility to adapt the input for every new beam.
======Beamproperties: Eurocode======
[[File:DocumentationXFEM4UBeam6.png | 500px]]
'''EN 1993-1-1 / EN 1995-1-1'''
Specifically and only for the check according to Eurocode 3: EN 1993-1-1 respectively Eurocode 5: NEN-EN 1995-1-1data can be inserted.
'''Beam group'''
Specifically and only for the lateral-torsional buckling resistance check a beam group can be inserted here. XFEM4U automatically detects for which beams this qualifies. Only the beams which are connected by a fully fixed connection to this particular beam and have the same profile will be showed. You can select which beams should be taken into account. For this group you subsequently enter the length between the lateral restraints and the buckling length out of plane.
'''Lateral torsional buckling'''
Amount of lateral supports / distances between lateral supports
This is only relevant for the check of lateral torsional buckling. You can enter the lateral supports for the top and the bottom flange.
There are 3 options:
'''1. Number''': The amount of lateral supports. That are the extra (lateral supports) between the supports distributed over the length of the beam(group)
 
'''2. Distances''': The lengths between the lateral restraints from the beginning of the beam (group). The syntax is ''length1 length2 amountxlenght3.. etc''.
For example 3000 3x2200 2800
 
'''3. Node numbers''': Selecting the node numbers which are in the beam group. 
'''Buckling lengths Y-axis and Z-axis'''
The check according to Eurocode 3: EN 1993-1-1 is based on a geometric non linear force distribution. This means that the buckling of the beams in the plane of the frameworks is provided implicit in the force distribution. For every load combination the internal stability is determined iteratively. By default the buckling length around the y-axis is equal to the beam length. The buckling length around the z-axis is equal to the biggest lateral torsional buckling length. You can also enter different values for both the buckling lengths. See also [[Buckling]].
'''Note:''' Regardless of whether the profile is rotated with respect to the local coordinate system, the Y axis is the strong axis and the Z axis is the weak axis analogous to the Eurocode. (See below.) In all checks, all beam forces are transformed to this coordinate system.
[[File:DocumentationXFEM4UBeam7Eurocode.png | 500px]]
'''Check deflection'''
Setting if deflection has to be checked.
'''Type'''
This influences the requirement of additional deflection.
'''Additional deflection'''
Requirement of additional deflection.
'''Final deflection'''
Requirements of final deflection.
'''Pre-camber'''
The size of pre-camber in mm.
======Beamproperties: Dummy======
Specifically for plates,  it is possible to enter dummy beams. Arithmetically, a dummy beam is taken into account with small bending stiffness.
'''Line Loads''': With dummy beams, any line loads on a plate can be taken into account.
'''Line supports''': Dummy beams can be supported by.
[[File:DocumentationXFEM4UBeam8.png | 500px]]
'''Beam number'''
The number of the beam.
'''Length'''
The length of the beam in mm.
'''From node no.'''
The number of the begin node.
'''To node no.'''
The number of the end node.
'''flip'''
By the use of this function, you can turn around the beam orientation. The begin- and end node will be switched.
'''Angle x-axis'''
The angle in which the local coordinate system can rotate around the x-axis.
The clockwise direction is positive.
'''Layer'''
Beams can optionally be drawn in layers. This corresponds to the functionality of AutoCAD. The layers can be set visible or invisible. (on/off). You can adapt the names of the layers. See Display options
'''Orientation node'''
The number of the orientation node. This is a node in the local x-y plane or in the x-z plane.
'''Line supports'''
Indication/ Description
' '    free - no limitation
'A'    Fully limited  (Absolute)
'P'    Limited for a Positive reaction force; free for a negative reaction force
'N'    Limited for a Negative reaction force; free for a positive reaction force
'S'    Springer (Spring); spring value needs to be inserted
'''Local to the plate'''
Setting whether the supports are to be introduced in relation to the local axle system of the plate.
'''Supports / Restraints'''
Here you enter how the beam is supported. There are many possibilities.
You can use the most common / standard supports:
* '''Fully fixed''' Tx=A(Absolute), Ty=A, Tz=A, Rx=A, Ry=A, Rz=A. (That is the default setting)
* '''Hinged''' Tx=A, Ty=A, Tz=A. No moments can be transmitted, only transverse and normal forces.
'''Spring support'''
You can also enter a spring support. Tx=S(Spring), Ry=S and/or Rz=S. You also give the spring value Kx, Cy and/or Cz in kN/m or kNm/rad.
'''Local x-axis''' see [[Local coordinate system]]
'''Input per beam'''
This gives you the possibility to adapt the input for every new beam.
=====Profiles=====
The first time you draw a beam, a profile needs to be chosen / inserted. There is asked what kind of profile you want to add. Also if you want to enter a new profile, there is asked what kind of profile you want to insert.
[[File:DocumentationXFEM4UBeam3.png|250 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
======Steel======
[[File:Steel Add Profile V2.png|800 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
'''Remark:'''
You can adapt all profile dimensions by clicking on the concerning values in the dimension lines.
'''Profile name:'''
You can enter the profile name here, or select a profile from the database. You can also directly type IPE160, HEA200 or HE200A here.
Do you want to enter a common steel profile from the database, click on the 3 dots... at the right side of the input field.
[[File:Basic shape.png|150 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
After you selected a basic shape, you can subsequently adapt all the profile dimensions by clicking on the concerning numbers in the dimension line. You can also adapt the profile dimensions of the standard profiles by the use of this method.
'''E'''
The elasticity modulus, which is adaptable.
'''Angle'''
You can rotate the profile among an angle
======Concrete======
[[File:Concrete Add Profile.png|800 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
'''Cross sectional shape'''
You can choose from a big amount of cross sectional shapes. When you chose a shape, you can subsequently adapt the profile dimensions by clicking on the concerning values in the dimension lines.
'''Concrete top layer'''
Setting whether you want to insert a in-situ concrete top layer with a different concrete grade
'''Prefab'''
Setting whether you want to use prefab concrete
'''Concrete grade'''
The concrete grade
'''Steel grade'''
The steel grade of the basic and additional reinforcement.
'''Creep coefficient'''
The creep coefficient of concrete. By this coefficient the effective creep coefficient is calculated according to EN 1992-1-1 art. 5.8.4.
You can insert the creep coefficient yourself or you can have it calculated. See Creep. When the creep coefficient is calculated, a detailed calculation according to  EN 1992-1-1 B.1 is displayed in the output as well.
'''Granule diameter'''
The nominal granule diameter of concrete
'''Granule diameter'''
The nominal granule diameter of concrete
'''h'''
The height of the concrete cross section in mm
'''b'''
The width of the concrete cross section in mm
'''h concrete layer'''
The height of the in-situ concrete top layer in mm
[[File:Concrete Add Profile Cover.png|800 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
'''Environmental class'''
The environmental or exposure class is used for the determination of the required cover. See  Exposure classes
'''Concrete surface'''
Can be checked, can not be checked or finished
'''delta_Cdev'''
Execution tolerance of the concrete cover in mm
'''Cover'''
Concrete cover top  / bottom  in mm
'''Side cover'''
Side cover left / right in mm
[[File:Concrete Add Profile longitudinal reinforcement.png|800 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
'''Basic reinforcement'''
Basic reinforcement top/bottom
Syntax 1: <amount>x<diameter>  [+<amount>x<diameter>...]
Syntax 2: <diameter>-<ctc distance>  [+<diameter>-<ctc distance>...]
Syntax 3: <mm2> [ / <diameter>]
'''2nd layer'''
Basic reinforcement top / bottom in the second layer
'''Additional reinforcement diameters'''
The diameters by which the additional reinforcement is designed
'''Layers'''
When designing a floor, the option if the basis reinforcement is in the first or in the second layer
'''Transverse reinforcement'''
When designing a floor, the diameter of the transverse reinforcement
'''Concrete trench'''
Concrete trench in mm
[[File:Concrete Add Profile Stirrups.png|800 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
'''Diameters'''
Stirrup diameters
'''Distances'''
Stirrup distances
'''Number of stirrup sections'''
The number of stirrup sections. For shear force this is normally 2.
'''Angle compression strut'''
Angle compression strut in degrees
'''Minimum shear reinforcement'''
Setting whether the minimum shear reinforcement should be taken in to account.
'''Concrete interface'''
In the case of a in-situ concrete top layer, the pouring surface can be entered here.
[[File:Cocrete interface.png|150 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
'''h'''
Height of the concrete cross section for the shear force calculation in mm.
'''b'''
Width of the concrete cross section for the shear force calculation in mm.
'''Concrete grade'''
In case of a in-situ concrete top layer: Concrete grade that needs to be used for the shear force calculation.
======Timber======
[[File:Timber Add Profile .png|800 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
'''Remark:'''
You can change the profile sizes by clicking on the concerning values in the dimension line.
'''Profile name'''
Enter the profile name or select a profile from the existing database. You can also directly type 75 x 200 of 75 x 225
When you want to enter a known timber profile from the database, click on the 3 dots... on the right side of the input field.
[[File:Timber Add Profile V2.png|800 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
'''Material'''
Timber
'''Type of timber'''
[[File:Image 2022-07-25 142510944.png|150 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
'''Timber class'''
[[File:Timber class.png|75 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
'''Climate class'''
[[File:Climate class.png|30 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
'''Basic shape'''
You can choose from an amount of basic shapes. In this way you can make the profile yourself.
[[File:basic shape.png|150 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
After you selected a basic shape, you can subsequently adapt all the profile sizes by clicking on the concerning values in the dimension line. You can also can adapt the profile sizes of the standard profiles in this way.
'''E'''
The elasticity modulus which is adaptable
'''Angle'''
You can rotate the profile among an angle
======Build-up selection======
[[File:Build-up selection.png|800 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
With this module you can built up any section.
'''Input'''
[[File:Build-up selection list V2.png|200 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
You can '''Add''', '''Copy''' and '''Delete''' any profiles here.  Using '''Properties''' you can change your profile or alter the profile dimensions.
[[File:Build-up selection Profile.png|200 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
'''Profile name'''
Enter the profile name or select from our profile database.
'''Special input: '''
# Half H syntax: "1/2 profile name [ - min dimension ]" '''Example:''' 1/2IPE300 or 1/2HE650B-5
# Rectangular: syntax: "S width x height" of "F width x height" '''Example:''' S200x12
# Hole:  syntax: "G width x height" of "H width x height" '''Example:''' H50x2
# Round: syntax: "R diameter '''Example:''' R50
# Tube(segment): syntax: "R diameter x thickness [ / hoek1 / hoek2 ] " '''Example:''' R500x12 or R500x12/0/180
# Trangle:  syntax: "D width x height" of "T width x height" '''Example:''' T50x60
'''U'''
Coordinate u in mm
'''V'''
Coordinate v in mm
'''Angle'''
Angle in degrees
'''Graphical input'''
Graphical view of the built up section, with:
* cross section of all profiles use. The focused section is displayed with another color.
* coordinate system 
* centroid 
* principal axis 
* distances from centroid to all largest dimension 
* display of radius of gyration 
* display of plastic neutral axis 
Mouse right click context menu
[[File:context menu.png|200 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
Menu
[[File:menu.png|500 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
=====Slabs/Plates=====
======General======
In the graphical screen slabs can be added very easy by drawing them. Select this item in the function bar.
[[File:Plates 32.png|32 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
Plate egdes are drawn as a 'polyline' just as you know it from AutoCAD.The begin node from a following beam is the end node of the last drawn plate edge.
It is possible, but not necessary, to draw nodes before you insert the plates.
You can also start with drawing the plate edges, in this way the nodes will be inserted automatically.
When you draw your first plate edge, the dialog box shown below appears. In this box you can, among other things, insert the material data of the slab. Use the escape-key or click the right mouse button to end the drawing of the plate edges.
As you are drawing a plate edge, help lines (horizontal and vertical) will appear connected to the previous inserted nodes. Often the node, to which you want to draw the beam, has the same x- or y- or z-value as the previous one. In this way it is easy to insert nodes. Obviously you can adapt the coordinates afterwards numerically or by moving the node.
While drawing a new plate edge, a dimension line parallel to the plate edge in one of the main directions x,y or z will appear. You can, just as you know it from AutoCad, immediately insert the distances numerically by entering the value / values from your keyboard. There are 3 possibilities for drawing a plate edge:
'''1. Drawing a plate edge with a known length in one of the main directions.'''
The value will appear in the dimension line. Here you can type in the distance. By the use of the enter-key the input is closed and the plate edge with that length will be added.
'''2. Drawing a plate edge using relative Cartesian coordinates (dx, dy, dz).'''
First you enter the distance in x-direction. The value will appear in the dimension line. Thereafter you type a semicolon ";" and the distance in y-direction. The value will appear in a second input field. Next you type a semicolon ";" and the distance in z-direction. The value will appear in a third input field. By the use of the enter-key the input is closed and the plate edge is added.
'''3. Input of relative cartesian coordinates (dx, dy, dz) or absolute cartesian coordinates (x, y, z).'''
Press the space key and the dialog box below appears. Here you can enter relative coordinates or absolute coordinates directly.
[[File:Slapes and plates.png|250 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
In this way, you can quickly insert your slab/plate.
The plate can be supported in different ways. By Nodes and/or Plate edge.
You can enter Plate loads and/or Node loads.
======Reinforcement======
[[File:Reinforcement.png|350 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
'''General'''
'''Steel grade'''
The steel grade of the basic and additional reinforcement.
'''Creep coefficient'''
The creep coefficient of concrete. By this coefficient the effective creep coefficient is calculated according to EN 1992-1-1 art. 5.8.4.
You can insert the creep coefficient yourself or you can have it calculated. See Creep. When the creep coefficient is calculated, a detailed calculation according to  EN 1992-1-1 B.1 is displayed in the output as well.
'''Granule diameter'''
The nominal granule diameter of concrete.
'''Cover'''
'''Environmental class'''
The environmental or exposure class is used for the determination of the required cover. See  Exposure classes
'''Concrete surface'''
Can be checked, can not be checked or finished
'''delta_Cdev'''
Execution tolerance of the concrete cover in mm
'''Cover'''
Concrete cover top  / bottom  in mm
'''Reinforcement'''
'''Reinforcement in X- and Y-direction'''
Basic reinforcement top/bottom
Syntax 1: <amount>x<diameter>  [+<amount>x<diameter>...]
Syntax 2: <diameter>-<ctc distance>  [+<diameter>-<ctc distance>...]
Syntax 3: <mm2> [ / <diameter>]
'''Additional reinforcement diameters'''
The diameters by which the additional reinforcement is designed
'''Layers'''
Setting which reinforcement is in the first layer
'''Angle compression strut'''
Shear reinforcement: Angle compression strut in degrees
======Holes in plate======
[[File:Holes in plate V1.png|450px|none|]]
Here you can easily enter holes or openings. You can choose from a large number of basic shapes that are parameterized.
[[File:Holes in plate V2.png|50px|none|]]
The position and dimensions of the hole or opening can be adjusted by clicking on the relevant dimension line. The focus in case of multiple holes can be changed by clicking with the left mouse button in the hole contour. If you hold down the left mouse button and move the mouse, you can move the hole graphically. It checks whether holes overlap or cut through the outer contour.
[[File:Holes in plate V3.png|600px|none|]]
[[File:Holes in plate V4.png|800px|none|]]
[[File:Holes in plate V5.png|800px|none|]]
======Plate edge======
Plate edges are drawn as transparent tubes. By '''double-clicking''' on a plate edge (or 1 click right mouse button > '''Properties''') the dialog box below becomes visible.
[[File:Plate edge.png|550px|none|]]
'''Local to the plate'''
Setting whether the supports are to be introduced in relation to the local axle system of the plate.
'''Supports / Restraints'''
Here you enter how the plate edge is supported. There are many possibilities. 
You can use the most common / standard supports:
      '''Fully fixed''' Tx=A(Absolute), Ty=A, Tz=A, Rx=A, Ry=A, Rz=A. (That is the default setting)
      '''Hinged''' Tx=A, Ty=A, Tz=A. No moments can be transmitted, only transverse and normal forces.
'''Spring support'''
You can also enter a spring support. Tx=S(Spring), Ry=S and/or Rz=S. You also give the spring value Kx, Cy and/or Cz in kN/m or kNm/rad.
'''Local x-axis''' see Local coordinate system
=====Nodes=====
Nodes can easily be added in the graphical screen. To do this, you have to choose [[File:Cur node.png|28 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]] in the menu bar. In these modus you can add multiple nodes by means of the left mouse button. By placing the node, you will see the coordinates in the right bottom. As is shown in this image below.
[[File:Shown in this image below. node2.png|600 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
Nodes can be added arbitrary in a fixed raster or at grid lines.
Supports are nodes which are restrained in a certain direction.
'''Changing a node'''
Changing a node is possible by clicking on the node by use of the left mouse button, and subsequently choose for properties by clicking on the right button. There is a more easy way, namely a double click on the node. Consequently the following dialog box will be opened.
[[File:nodes 4.png|500 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
'''Coordinates '''
'''x'''
x-coordinate
'''y'''
y-coordinate
'''z'''
z-coordinate
'''Local x-axis''' see Local coordinate system
'''Supports''' see Supports
These are the supports that are the most common in practice, but you can also add an arbitrary (spring) support by making use of the 'A', 'P', 'N' or 'S'.
[[File:Support.png|100 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
'''Eccentricities'''
Only for supports ( nodes with restrictions / restraints in a certain direction) you can add a eccentricity by inserting 3 relative coordinates dx, dy and dz. An extra node and a 'stiff' beam are automatically generated. Hereby you can, for example, in the calculation of a concrete beam grid, take the misplacement of a pile into account. The foundation beams can subsequently be tested for torsion and extra bending.
'''Mesh''' see Mesh
'''Beam-to-column joints''' see Node joints
'''Table nodes'''
Nodes can also be added / changed in the bottom left table '''Nodes'''. It does not matter. It is also possible to change in between graphical input and numerical input via tables.
[[File:Nodes 3.png|600 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
======Local coordinate system======
In every node a local node-coordinate system can be added.
[[File:Local coordinate system.png|200px|none|]]
Example of a roller support among an angle.
'''Local X-axis'''
The origin lies in the relevant node. The direction of the x-axis is determined by 3 relative coordinates (see the figure above). Local coordinate systems can also be used to insert node limitations (supports or restraints), but also node loads and/or node displacements in an arbitrary direction.
======Supports======
Standard supports can very easily be added in the graphical screen. In the menu bar you can choose for one of the following supports:
'''Remark:'''
These are the supports that are the most common in practice, but you can also add an arbitrary (spring) support by making use of the 'A','P','N' of 'S'. See the table below.
[[File:Cur restrain hinge.png|32 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
Pinned support (Tz,Ty,Rz) ( 'A','A',' ')
[[File:Cur restrain rollerX.png|32 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
Roller support z-direction (Tx,Tz,Ry) ( ' ','A', ' ')
[[File:res_rol_z.png|32 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
Roller support x-direction (Tx,Tz,Ry) ( 'A',' ', ' ')
[[File:res_vast.png|32 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
Fixed support (Tx,Tz,Ry) ( 'A','A', 'A')
[[File:Res spring x .png|32 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
Springer support x-direction (Tx,Tz,Ry) ( 'S',' ', ' ')
[[File:res_spring_z .png|32 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
Springer support z-direction (Tx,Tz,Ry) ( ' ','S', ' ')
[[File:res_spring_r.png|32 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
Springer support y-direction (Tx,Tz,Ry) ( ' ',' ', 'S')
Supports can be added arbitrary, in a fixed raster or on grid lines.
Supports are nodes which are restrained in a certain direction.
'''Changing a support'''
Changing a support is possible by clicking on the node by use of the left mouse button, and subsequently choose for properties by clicking on the right mouse button. There also is a more easy way, namely by a double click on the node or support. Consequently the following dialog box will be opened
[[File:Nodes.png|500 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Indication !! Description
|-
| ''' ' ' ''' || free - no limitation
|-
| ''' 'A' ''' || Fully limited  (Absolute)
|-
| ''' 'P' ''' || Limited for a Positive reaction force; free for a negative reaction force
|-
| ''' 'N' ''' || Limited for a Negative reaction force; free for a positive reaction force
|-
| ''' 'S' ''' || Springer (Spring); spring value needs to be inserted
|}
'''Table Nodes'''
Supports can also be added/changed in the table nodes in the left bottom. It does not matter. It is also possible to change in between graphical input and  numerical input via tables.
[[File:Nodes 3.png|650 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
======Mesh======
[[File:Nodes 4.png|500 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
'''Mesh size'''
The dimension of plate elements. The standard (recommended) mesh size is automatically determined but can be adjusted for each node.
======Node joints======
[[File:joint.png|500 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
You can add a new connection per node. When you have added the connection you can also apply the same connection in other nodes.
[[File:New copy delete properties.png|300 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
You can create / add '''new''' connections, '''copy''' and '''delete''' connections. Choose '''Properties''' when you want to change the connection.
See Joints
=====Joints=====
Joints can be entered at nodes.
[[File:Beam column joint.png|800 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
'''Input in drawing'''
In the drawing of the connection you can change almost everything. You can change all sizes by clicking on the number in the dimension line. See Changing dimensions.
You can also change the profiles, beam angles and loads in the drawing. This not only works quickly, but is also intuitive. You will experience how easy and how pleasant it is to work with XFEM4U. The calculation results can be displayed on the right as "docked" or as a separate screen on a second monitor. With every change that is made, the calculation is carried out and the results are immediately visible. In that way you can quickly see the effect of your change. You can see everything in one overview, both the input and the calculation output.
'''Lb=4000'''
Length of the beam (This value can be changed in the drawing.)
The length is only important for the classification of the rotational rigidity of the connection. (rigid / semi-rigid / hinged)
'''0 <'''
Angle of the beam.
You set a number of parameters in the dialog box below.
[[File:Beamtocolumn1.png|200 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
'''Classification construction:''' Braced / Unbraced
This is only important for the classification of the rotational rigidity of the connection. (rigid / semi-rigid / hinged)
'''Type connection:''' Bolted joint / Welded joint
'''Type end plate:''' Short end-plate  / Extended en-plate
'''Steel grade'''
'''Web stiffener top:''' None / Full / Partial
'''Web stiffener bottom:''' None / Full / Partial
'''Column web plates:''' None / Single / Double
'''Bolt grade'''
'''Sigma;com,Ed'''
The largest axial compression stress in the column. This is calculated automatically and does not need to be entered.
[[File:Beamtocolumn2.png|200 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
'''Beams symmetrical'''
With a double connection (left and right) you can set whether both are equal (symmetrical) or not. This means that when you change one side, the other side changes automatically
'''Number of bot-rows'''
The number of bolt rows is at least 2.
'''Bolt'''
'''Haunch on top:''' None / Haunch without flange / Haunch with flange
'''Haunch on bottom:''' None / Haunch without flange / Haunch with flange
'''Backing plates'''
Setting whether backing plates are used.
======Grid lines/levels======
In '''XFEM4U''' it is possible to use a standard grid with grid lines. A standard raster is created, but you can adapt this raster.
Beams and nodes can be easily drawn into the grid. '''XFEM4U''' has a magnet function, which snaps to points into the grid.
[[File:Grid.png|400 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
'''Coordinates'''
You can define the grid lines yourself.
Syntax: ''' ''distance spacing1 amount x spacing.. etc'' '''
Example:''' "0 3000 3x2200 2800".'''
For the z - coordinate, if you enter the numbers with a +, then you are entering absolute values.
'''Labels'''
The indication of the grid lines
======Wizard======
[[File:Wizard menu.png|150 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
By the use of wizard, you can quickly and easily generate the geometry and wind loads of a simple hall.
[[File:Wizard.png|750 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
[[File:Wizard results.png|850 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
======Internal hinge in a beam======
Adding an internal hinge in the graphical screen is very easy.
Choose for the following image in the menu bar.cur_InternalHinge. [[File:cur_InternalHinge. .png|28 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
In these modus you can add multiple internal hinges by use of the left mouse button. By placing the hinge, the coordinates are shown in the right bottom.
When you add an internal hinge, a new node in the beam is generated, and the regarding beam is automatically divided into two beams with a hinge connection. The beam loads also will be adjusted automatically.
In this way you can easily design a gerber beam.

Revision as of 19:53, 15 August 2022

BACK

Geometry

In this section we have a look at all the geometry functions within XFEM4U

DocumentationXFEM4UGeometry.png

Beams
Preface

In the graphical screen beams can be added very easy by drawing them. Select this item in the function bar. Beams are drawn as a 'polyline' just as you know it from AutoCAD.The begin node from a following beam is the end node of the last drawn beam.

It is possible, but not necessary, to draw nodes before you insert the beams. You can also start with drawing the beams, in this way the nodes will be inserted automatically.

When you draw your first beam, the dialog box shown below appears. In this box you can, among other things, insert the beam connections and the profile of the beam. Use the escape-key or click the right mouse button to end the drawing of the beams.

DocumentationXFEM4UBeam1.png

As you are drawing a beam, help lines (horizontal and vertical) will appear connected to the previous inserted nodes. Often the node, to which you want to draw the beam, has the same x- or y- or z-value as the previous one. In this way it is easy to insert nodes. Obviously you can adapt the coordinates afterwards numerically or by moving the node.


While drawing a new beam, a dimension line parallel to the beam in one of the main directions x,y or z will appear. You can, just as you know it from AutoCad, immediately insert the distances numerically by entering the value / values from your keyboard. There are 3 possibilities for drawing a beam:


1. Drawing a beam with a known length in one of the main directions.

The value will appear in the dimension line. Here you can type in the distance. By the use of the enter-key the input is closed and the beam with that length will be added.

2. Drawing a beam using relative Cartesian coordinates (dx, dy, dz).

First you enter the distance in x-direction. The value will appear in the dimension line. Thereafter you type a semicolon ";" and the distance in y-direction. The value will appear in a second input field. Next you type a semicolon ";" and the distance in z-direction. The value will appear in a third input field. By the use of the enter-key the input is closed and the beam is added.

3. Input of relative cartesian coordinates (dx, dy, dz) or absolute cartesian coordinates (x, y, z).

Press the space key and the dialog box below appears. Here you can enter relative coordinates or absolute coordinates directly.

DocumentationXFEM4UBeam2.png

In this way, you can quickly insert your construction.

When you draw a beam for the first time, a profile needs to be chosen / inserted. There is asked what kind of profile you want to add. Also when you insert a new profile, there is asked which kind of profile you want to add.

Subsequently the following dialog box of the profiles is shown. See Profiles

DocumentationXFEM4UBeam3.png

Changing a beam

Changing a beam is possible by clicking on the beam with the left mouse button, and subsequently choose for properties by clicking with the right mouse button. There is a more easy way, namely a double click on the beam. Consequently the following dialog box will be opened.

DocumentationXFEM4UBeam4.png

Beamproperties: General

Beam number

The number of the beam.


Length

The length of the beam in mm.


From node no.

The number of the begin node.


To node no.

The number of the end node.


flip

By the use of this function, you can turn around the beam orientation. The begin- and end node will be switched.


Angle x-axis

The angle in which the local coordinate system can rotate around the x-axis.

The clockwise direction is positive.


Layer

Beams can optionally be drawn in layers. This corresponds to the functionality of AutoCAD. The layers can be set visible or invisible. (on/off). You can adapt the names of the layers. See Display options


Orientation node

The number of the orientation node. This is a node in the local x-y plane or in the x-z plane.


Split into structural member sections for analysis

Setting whether, for the determination of the force distribution (framework calculation), the beam has to be split in in partial beams when nodes are found on the beam. This function is enabled by default.


Self-weight automatically generated.

Setting whether the dead weight of the beam needs to be generated. This function is enabled by default. See Calculation settings


Surface load bearing

Setting whether the beam carries the surface load or not. See Surface loads


Profile Name

Here you choose the profile type


Angle

The angle of the profile. That is the angle relative to the local coordinate system. Normally this is zero degrees. When you want to for example enter the column rotated (so loaded at it's weak axis) you fill in 90 degrees


New Delete Properties

DocumentationXFEM4UBeam5.png

You can also add new profiles and delete profiles. Choose for Properties when you want to adapt the profile data and/or want to select another standard profile type from the profile database.

With every new profile, there is asked what kind of profile you want to add.

DocumentationXFEM4UBeam3.png

Tapered beam

You can optionally enter a tapered beam (Non-prismatic beam). The tab "Profile end" is activated. Here you can enter the 2nd profile at the end of the beam. Attention! The basic shape of the profile section (H-, U-, L-shape, etc.) must match that of the profile at the beginning of the beam.

For calculation background. See Tapered beam

z

With this the profile is orientated relative to the schematic line. ( The schematic line is the line from the begin node to the end node) z is the distance in the local z-direction between the schematic line and the reference line of the profile. The reference line of the profile is showed in the middle by default, but can be set at the top, middle or bottom.


Torsion reduction

Percentage by which the torsion stiffness of the beam is reduced. Specifically for concrete beam grids, it is allowed to reduce the torsion stiffness in case of compatibility torsion. Thereby the occurring torsion moment is lower, and less torsion reinforcement is needed. (stirrups and longitudinal reinforcement)


Beam connection begin and end

Here you enter how the beam is connected at the begin node and at the end node. There are multiple options.

You can make use of the most common / standard connections:


Fully fixed

Tx=A(Absolute), Ty=A, Tz=A, Rx=A, Ry=A, Rz=A. (That is the standard setting)


Hinge

Tx=A, Ty=A, Tz=A. There is no transfer possible between moments, only shear force and normal force.


Tension only

This works the same as a hinge support, the only difference is that tensile forces (positive normal forces) can be transferred.


Springer connection

You can also add a beam with a springer connection. Tx=S(Spring), Ry=S en/of Rz=S. You also need to insert the spring constant Kx, Cy and/or Cz in kN/m resp. kNm/rad


Input per beam

This gives you the possibility to adapt the input for every new beam.

Beamproperties: Eurocode

DocumentationXFEM4UBeam6.png

EN 1993-1-1 / EN 1995-1-1

Specifically and only for the check according to Eurocode 3: EN 1993-1-1 respectively Eurocode 5: NEN-EN 1995-1-1data can be inserted.


Beam group

Specifically and only for the lateral-torsional buckling resistance check a beam group can be inserted here. XFEM4U automatically detects for which beams this qualifies. Only the beams which are connected by a fully fixed connection to this particular beam and have the same profile will be showed. You can select which beams should be taken into account. For this group you subsequently enter the length between the lateral restraints and the buckling length out of plane.


Lateral torsional buckling

Amount of lateral supports / distances between lateral supports

This is only relevant for the check of lateral torsional buckling. You can enter the lateral supports for the top and the bottom flange.


There are 3 options:

1. Number: The amount of lateral supports. That are the extra (lateral supports) between the supports distributed over the length of the beam(group)


2. Distances: The lengths between the lateral restraints from the beginning of the beam (group). The syntax is length1 length2 amountxlenght3.. etc. For example 3000 3x2200 2800


3. Node numbers: Selecting the node numbers which are in the beam group.


Buckling lengths Y-axis and Z-axis

The check according to Eurocode 3: EN 1993-1-1 is based on a geometric non linear force distribution. This means that the buckling of the beams in the plane of the frameworks is provided implicit in the force distribution. For every load combination the internal stability is determined iteratively. By default the buckling length around the y-axis is equal to the beam length. The buckling length around the z-axis is equal to the biggest lateral torsional buckling length. You can also enter different values for both the buckling lengths. See also Buckling.


Note: Regardless of whether the profile is rotated with respect to the local coordinate system, the Y axis is the strong axis and the Z axis is the weak axis analogous to the Eurocode. (See below.) In all checks, all beam forces are transformed to this coordinate system.

DocumentationXFEM4UBeam7Eurocode.png


Check deflection

Setting if deflection has to be checked.


Type

This influences the requirement of additional deflection.


Additional deflection

Requirement of additional deflection.


Final deflection

Requirements of final deflection.


Pre-camber

The size of pre-camber in mm.

Beamproperties: Dummy

Specifically for plates, it is possible to enter dummy beams. Arithmetically, a dummy beam is taken into account with small bending stiffness.


Line Loads: With dummy beams, any line loads on a plate can be taken into account.

Line supports: Dummy beams can be supported by.

DocumentationXFEM4UBeam8.png


Beam number

The number of the beam.


Length

The length of the beam in mm.


From node no.

The number of the begin node.


To node no.

The number of the end node.


flip

By the use of this function, you can turn around the beam orientation. The begin- and end node will be switched.


Angle x-axis

The angle in which the local coordinate system can rotate around the x-axis.

The clockwise direction is positive.


Layer

Beams can optionally be drawn in layers. This corresponds to the functionality of AutoCAD. The layers can be set visible or invisible. (on/off). You can adapt the names of the layers. See Display options


Orientation node

The number of the orientation node. This is a node in the local x-y plane or in the x-z plane.


Line supports

Indication/ Description

' ' free - no limitation

'A' Fully limited (Absolute)

'P' Limited for a Positive reaction force; free for a negative reaction force

'N' Limited for a Negative reaction force; free for a positive reaction force

'S' Springer (Spring); spring value needs to be inserted


Local to the plate

Setting whether the supports are to be introduced in relation to the local axle system of the plate.


Supports / Restraints

Here you enter how the beam is supported. There are many possibilities.

You can use the most common / standard supports:

  • Fully fixed Tx=A(Absolute), Ty=A, Tz=A, Rx=A, Ry=A, Rz=A. (That is the default setting)
  • Hinged Tx=A, Ty=A, Tz=A. No moments can be transmitted, only transverse and normal forces.

Spring support

You can also enter a spring support. Tx=S(Spring), Ry=S and/or Rz=S. You also give the spring value Kx, Cy and/or Cz in kN/m or kNm/rad.


Local x-axis see Local coordinate system

Input per beam

This gives you the possibility to adapt the input for every new beam.

Profiles

The first time you draw a beam, a profile needs to be chosen / inserted. There is asked what kind of profile you want to add. Also if you want to enter a new profile, there is asked what kind of profile you want to insert.

Wikipedia encyclopedia

Steel

Wikipedia encyclopedia

Remark:

You can adapt all profile dimensions by clicking on the concerning values in the dimension lines.


Profile name:

You can enter the profile name here, or select a profile from the database. You can also directly type IPE160, HEA200 or HE200A here.

Do you want to enter a common steel profile from the database, click on the 3 dots... at the right side of the input field.

Wikipedia encyclopedia

After you selected a basic shape, you can subsequently adapt all the profile dimensions by clicking on the concerning numbers in the dimension line. You can also adapt the profile dimensions of the standard profiles by the use of this method.


E

The elasticity modulus, which is adaptable.


Angle

You can rotate the profile among an angle

Concrete

Wikipedia encyclopedia

Cross sectional shape

You can choose from a big amount of cross sectional shapes. When you chose a shape, you can subsequently adapt the profile dimensions by clicking on the concerning values in the dimension lines.


Concrete top layer

Setting whether you want to insert a in-situ concrete top layer with a different concrete grade


Prefab

Setting whether you want to use prefab concrete


Concrete grade

The concrete grade


Steel grade

The steel grade of the basic and additional reinforcement.


Creep coefficient

The creep coefficient of concrete. By this coefficient the effective creep coefficient is calculated according to EN 1992-1-1 art. 5.8.4.

You can insert the creep coefficient yourself or you can have it calculated. See Creep. When the creep coefficient is calculated, a detailed calculation according to EN 1992-1-1 B.1 is displayed in the output as well.


Granule diameter

The nominal granule diameter of concrete


Granule diameter

The nominal granule diameter of concrete


h

The height of the concrete cross section in mm


b

The width of the concrete cross section in mm


h concrete layer

The height of the in-situ concrete top layer in mm

Wikipedia encyclopedia

Environmental class

The environmental or exposure class is used for the determination of the required cover. See Exposure classes


Concrete surface

Can be checked, can not be checked or finished


delta_Cdev

Execution tolerance of the concrete cover in mm


Cover

Concrete cover top / bottom in mm


Side cover

Side cover left / right in mm


Wikipedia encyclopedia

Basic reinforcement

Basic reinforcement top/bottom

Syntax 1: <amount>x<diameter> [+<amount>x<diameter>...]

Syntax 2: <diameter>-<ctc distance> [+<diameter>-<ctc distance>...]

Syntax 3: <mm2> [ / <diameter>]


2nd layer

Basic reinforcement top / bottom in the second layer


Additional reinforcement diameters

The diameters by which the additional reinforcement is designed


Layers

When designing a floor, the option if the basis reinforcement is in the first or in the second layer


Transverse reinforcement

When designing a floor, the diameter of the transverse reinforcement


Concrete trench

Concrete trench in mm

Wikipedia encyclopedia

Diameters

Stirrup diameters


Distances

Stirrup distances


Number of stirrup sections

The number of stirrup sections. For shear force this is normally 2.


Angle compression strut

Angle compression strut in degrees


Minimum shear reinforcement

Setting whether the minimum shear reinforcement should be taken in to account.


Concrete interface

In the case of a in-situ concrete top layer, the pouring surface can be entered here.

Wikipedia encyclopedia


h

Height of the concrete cross section for the shear force calculation in mm.


b

Width of the concrete cross section for the shear force calculation in mm.


Concrete grade

In case of a in-situ concrete top layer: Concrete grade that needs to be used for the shear force calculation.

Timber

Wikipedia encyclopedia

Remark:

You can change the profile sizes by clicking on the concerning values in the dimension line.


Profile name

Enter the profile name or select a profile from the existing database. You can also directly type 75 x 200 of 75 x 225

When you want to enter a known timber profile from the database, click on the 3 dots... on the right side of the input field.

Wikipedia encyclopedia

Material

Timber


Type of timber

Wikipedia encyclopedia


Timber class

Wikipedia encyclopedia


Climate class

Wikipedia encyclopedia


Basic shape

You can choose from an amount of basic shapes. In this way you can make the profile yourself.

Wikipedia encyclopedia

After you selected a basic shape, you can subsequently adapt all the profile sizes by clicking on the concerning values in the dimension line. You can also can adapt the profile sizes of the standard profiles in this way.


E

The elasticity modulus which is adaptable


Angle

You can rotate the profile among an angle

Build-up selection

Wikipedia encyclopedia

With this module you can built up any section.


Input

Wikipedia encyclopedia


You can Add, Copy and Delete any profiles here. Using Properties you can change your profile or alter the profile dimensions.


Wikipedia encyclopedia


Profile name

Enter the profile name or select from our profile database.


Special input:

  1. Half H syntax: "1/2 profile name [ - min dimension ]" Example: 1/2IPE300 or 1/2HE650B-5
  2. Rectangular: syntax: "S width x height" of "F width x height" Example: S200x12
  3. Hole: syntax: "G width x height" of "H width x height" Example: H50x2
  4. Round: syntax: "R diameter Example: R50
  5. Tube(segment): syntax: "R diameter x thickness [ / hoek1 / hoek2 ] " Example: R500x12 or R500x12/0/180
  6. Trangle: syntax: "D width x height" of "T width x height" Example: T50x60

U

Coordinate u in mm


V

Coordinate v in mm


Angle

Angle in degrees


Graphical input

Graphical view of the built up section, with:

  • cross section of all profiles use. The focused section is displayed with another color.
  • coordinate system
  • centroid
  • principal axis
  • distances from centroid to all largest dimension
  • display of radius of gyration
  • display of plastic neutral axis


Mouse right click context menu

Wikipedia encyclopedia


Menu

Wikipedia encyclopedia

Slabs/Plates
General

In the graphical screen slabs can be added very easy by drawing them. Select this item in the function bar. Wikipedia encyclopedia

Plate egdes are drawn as a 'polyline' just as you know it from AutoCAD.The begin node from a following beam is the end node of the last drawn plate edge.

It is possible, but not necessary, to draw nodes before you insert the plates.

You can also start with drawing the plate edges, in this way the nodes will be inserted automatically.

When you draw your first plate edge, the dialog box shown below appears. In this box you can, among other things, insert the material data of the slab. Use the escape-key or click the right mouse button to end the drawing of the plate edges.

As you are drawing a plate edge, help lines (horizontal and vertical) will appear connected to the previous inserted nodes. Often the node, to which you want to draw the beam, has the same x- or y- or z-value as the previous one. In this way it is easy to insert nodes. Obviously you can adapt the coordinates afterwards numerically or by moving the node.

While drawing a new plate edge, a dimension line parallel to the plate edge in one of the main directions x,y or z will appear. You can, just as you know it from AutoCad, immediately insert the distances numerically by entering the value / values from your keyboard. There are 3 possibilities for drawing a plate edge:


1. Drawing a plate edge with a known length in one of the main directions.

The value will appear in the dimension line. Here you can type in the distance. By the use of the enter-key the input is closed and the plate edge with that length will be added.


2. Drawing a plate edge using relative Cartesian coordinates (dx, dy, dz).

First you enter the distance in x-direction. The value will appear in the dimension line. Thereafter you type a semicolon ";" and the distance in y-direction. The value will appear in a second input field. Next you type a semicolon ";" and the distance in z-direction. The value will appear in a third input field. By the use of the enter-key the input is closed and the plate edge is added.


3. Input of relative cartesian coordinates (dx, dy, dz) or absolute cartesian coordinates (x, y, z).

Press the space key and the dialog box below appears. Here you can enter relative coordinates or absolute coordinates directly.


Wikipedia encyclopedia

In this way, you can quickly insert your slab/plate.

The plate can be supported in different ways. By Nodes and/or Plate edge.

You can enter Plate loads and/or Node loads.

Reinforcement

Wikipedia encyclopedia

General

Steel grade

The steel grade of the basic and additional reinforcement.


Creep coefficient

The creep coefficient of concrete. By this coefficient the effective creep coefficient is calculated according to EN 1992-1-1 art. 5.8.4.

You can insert the creep coefficient yourself or you can have it calculated. See Creep. When the creep coefficient is calculated, a detailed calculation according to EN 1992-1-1 B.1 is displayed in the output as well.


Granule diameter

The nominal granule diameter of concrete.


Cover

Environmental class

The environmental or exposure class is used for the determination of the required cover. See Exposure classes


Concrete surface

Can be checked, can not be checked or finished


delta_Cdev

Execution tolerance of the concrete cover in mm


Cover

Concrete cover top / bottom in mm


Reinforcement

Reinforcement in X- and Y-direction

Basic reinforcement top/bottom

Syntax 1: <amount>x<diameter> [+<amount>x<diameter>...]

Syntax 2: <diameter>-<ctc distance> [+<diameter>-<ctc distance>...]

Syntax 3: <mm2> [ / <diameter>]


Additional reinforcement diameters

The diameters by which the additional reinforcement is designed


Layers

Setting which reinforcement is in the first layer


Angle compression strut

Shear reinforcement: Angle compression strut in degrees


Holes in plate
Holes in plate V1.png

Here you can easily enter holes or openings. You can choose from a large number of basic shapes that are parameterized.

Holes in plate V2.png

The position and dimensions of the hole or opening can be adjusted by clicking on the relevant dimension line. The focus in case of multiple holes can be changed by clicking with the left mouse button in the hole contour. If you hold down the left mouse button and move the mouse, you can move the hole graphically. It checks whether holes overlap or cut through the outer contour.


Holes in plate V3.png


Holes in plate V4.png


Holes in plate V5.png


Plate edge

Plate edges are drawn as transparent tubes. By double-clicking on a plate edge (or 1 click right mouse button > Properties) the dialog box below becomes visible.

Plate edge.png


Local to the plate

Setting whether the supports are to be introduced in relation to the local axle system of the plate.


Supports / Restraints

Here you enter how the plate edge is supported. There are many possibilities.


You can use the most common / standard supports: 

      Fully fixed Tx=A(Absolute), Ty=A, Tz=A, Rx=A, Ry=A, Rz=A. (That is the default setting)

      Hinged Tx=A, Ty=A, Tz=A. No moments can be transmitted, only transverse and normal forces.


Spring support

You can also enter a spring support. Tx=S(Spring), Ry=S and/or Rz=S. You also give the spring value Kx, Cy and/or Cz in kN/m or kNm/rad.


Local x-axis see Local coordinate system

Nodes

Nodes can easily be added in the graphical screen. To do this, you have to choose Wikipedia encyclopedia in the menu bar. In these modus you can add multiple nodes by means of the left mouse button. By placing the node, you will see the coordinates in the right bottom. As is shown in this image below.

Wikipedia encyclopedia

Nodes can be added arbitrary in a fixed raster or at grid lines.

Supports are nodes which are restrained in a certain direction.


Changing a node

Changing a node is possible by clicking on the node by use of the left mouse button, and subsequently choose for properties by clicking on the right button. There is a more easy way, namely a double click on the node. Consequently the following dialog box will be opened.

Wikipedia encyclopedia


Coordinates

x

x-coordinate

y

y-coordinate

z

z-coordinate


Local x-axis see Local coordinate system


Supports see Supports

These are the supports that are the most common in practice, but you can also add an arbitrary (spring) support by making use of the 'A', 'P', 'N' or 'S'.

Wikipedia encyclopedia


Eccentricities

Only for supports ( nodes with restrictions / restraints in a certain direction) you can add a eccentricity by inserting 3 relative coordinates dx, dy and dz. An extra node and a 'stiff' beam are automatically generated. Hereby you can, for example, in the calculation of a concrete beam grid, take the misplacement of a pile into account. The foundation beams can subsequently be tested for torsion and extra bending.


Mesh see Mesh


Beam-to-column joints see Node joints


Table nodes

Nodes can also be added / changed in the bottom left table Nodes. It does not matter. It is also possible to change in between graphical input and numerical input via tables.

Wikipedia encyclopedia


Local coordinate system

In every node a local node-coordinate system can be added.

Local coordinate system.png

Example of a roller support among an angle.


Local X-axis

The origin lies in the relevant node. The direction of the x-axis is determined by 3 relative coordinates (see the figure above). Local coordinate systems can also be used to insert node limitations (supports or restraints), but also node loads and/or node displacements in an arbitrary direction.


Supports

Standard supports can very easily be added in the graphical screen. In the menu bar you can choose for one of the following supports:


Remark:

These are the supports that are the most common in practice, but you can also add an arbitrary (spring) support by making use of the 'A','P','N' of 'S'. See the table below.


Wikipedia encyclopedia Pinned support (Tz,Ty,Rz) ( 'A','A',' ')

Wikipedia encyclopedia Roller support z-direction (Tx,Tz,Ry) ( ' ','A', ' ')

Wikipedia encyclopedia Roller support x-direction (Tx,Tz,Ry) ( 'A',' ', ' ')

Wikipedia encyclopedia Fixed support (Tx,Tz,Ry) ( 'A','A', 'A')

Wikipedia encyclopedia Springer support x-direction (Tx,Tz,Ry) ( 'S',' ', ' ')

Wikipedia encyclopedia Springer support z-direction (Tx,Tz,Ry) ( ' ','S', ' ')

Wikipedia encyclopedia Springer support y-direction (Tx,Tz,Ry) ( ' ',' ', 'S')


Supports can be added arbitrary, in a fixed raster or on grid lines.


Supports are nodes which are restrained in a certain direction.


Changing a support

Changing a support is possible by clicking on the node by use of the left mouse button, and subsequently choose for properties by clicking on the right mouse button. There also is a more easy way, namely by a double click on the node or support. Consequently the following dialog box will be opened


Wikipedia encyclopedia

Indication Description
' ' free - no limitation
'A' Fully limited (Absolute)
'P' Limited for a Positive reaction force; free for a negative reaction force
'N' Limited for a Negative reaction force; free for a positive reaction force
'S' Springer (Spring); spring value needs to be inserted


Table Nodes

Supports can also be added/changed in the table nodes in the left bottom. It does not matter. It is also possible to change in between graphical input and numerical input via tables.

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Mesh

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Mesh size

The dimension of plate elements. The standard (recommended) mesh size is automatically determined but can be adjusted for each node.

Node joints

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You can add a new connection per node. When you have added the connection you can also apply the same connection in other nodes.

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You can create / add new connections, copy and delete connections. Choose Properties when you want to change the connection.

See Joints

Joints

Joints can be entered at nodes.

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Input in drawing

In the drawing of the connection you can change almost everything. You can change all sizes by clicking on the number in the dimension line. See Changing dimensions.

You can also change the profiles, beam angles and loads in the drawing. This not only works quickly, but is also intuitive. You will experience how easy and how pleasant it is to work with XFEM4U. The calculation results can be displayed on the right as "docked" or as a separate screen on a second monitor. With every change that is made, the calculation is carried out and the results are immediately visible. In that way you can quickly see the effect of your change. You can see everything in one overview, both the input and the calculation output.


Lb=4000

Length of the beam (This value can be changed in the drawing.)

The length is only important for the classification of the rotational rigidity of the connection. (rigid / semi-rigid / hinged)


0 <

Angle of the beam.

You set a number of parameters in the dialog box below.

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Classification construction: Braced / Unbraced

This is only important for the classification of the rotational rigidity of the connection. (rigid / semi-rigid / hinged)


Type connection: Bolted joint / Welded joint


Type end plate: Short end-plate / Extended en-plate


Steel grade

Web stiffener top: None / Full / Partial


Web stiffener bottom: None / Full / Partial


Column web plates: None / Single / Double


Bolt grade

Sigma;com,Ed

The largest axial compression stress in the column. This is calculated automatically and does not need to be entered.

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Beams symmetrical

With a double connection (left and right) you can set whether both are equal (symmetrical) or not. This means that when you change one side, the other side changes automatically


Number of bot-rows

The number of bolt rows is at least 2.


Bolt

Haunch on top: None / Haunch without flange / Haunch with flange


Haunch on bottom: None / Haunch without flange / Haunch with flange


Backing plates

Setting whether backing plates are used.

Grid lines/levels

In XFEM4U it is possible to use a standard grid with grid lines. A standard raster is created, but you can adapt this raster.

Beams and nodes can be easily drawn into the grid. XFEM4U has a magnet function, which snaps to points into the grid.

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Coordinates

You can define the grid lines yourself.

Syntax: distance spacing1 amount x spacing.. etc

Example: "0 3000 3x2200 2800".


For the z - coordinate, if you enter the numbers with a +, then you are entering absolute values.


Labels

The indication of the grid lines

Wizard

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By the use of wizard, you can quickly and easily generate the geometry and wind loads of a simple hall.

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Internal hinge in a beam

Adding an internal hinge in the graphical screen is very easy.

Choose for the following image in the menu bar.cur_InternalHinge. Wikipedia encyclopedia


In these modus you can add multiple internal hinges by use of the left mouse button. By placing the hinge, the coordinates are shown in the right bottom.


When you add an internal hinge, a new node in the beam is generated, and the regarding beam is automatically divided into two beams with a hinge connection. The beam loads also will be adjusted automatically.


In this way you can easily design a gerber beam.

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